publications

@inproceedings{Gray2024-lob,

title = {Legal Trouble?: UX Practitioners' Engagement with Law and Regulation},

author = {Colin M Gray and Ritika Gairola and Nayah Boucaud and Maliha Hashmi and Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Ambika R Menon and Ja-Nae Duane},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3656156.3663698

https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2024_Grayetal_DISPWIP_LegalTrouble.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3656156.3663698},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-07-01},

urldate = {2024-07-01},

booktitle = {Companion Publication of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive 

 Systems Conference},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},

series = {DIS '24 Companion},

abstract = {New regulations and legal frameworks are rapidly reshaping the technology landscape, and it is unclear how regulations might impact technology design practices. UX design as a discipline has previously been defined by its complexity and volatility, utilizing multiple forms of knowledge that are often in tension or conflict. In this work-in-progress paper, we ask how UX practitioners address legal and regulatory knowledge as part of their everyday work practices. We present three short case studies of UX practitioners with differing levels of educational and professional experience that worked in different contexts of design practice. We identified how participants understood legal dimensions of their work and engaged with (or were unaware of) legal and regulatory issues as part of their design activity. Across these cases, we reveal key areas of concern and the need for researchers and educators to investigate how UX practices might need to adapt to address legal and regulatory issues alongside other established forms of design or social science knowledge.},

keywords = {Dark Patterns, Ethics and Values, Legal and Policy Perspectives, Practice-Led Research, Regulation, UX Knowledge},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Chamorro_2024-wp,

title = {"My Mother Told Me These Things are Always  Fake"—Understanding Teenagers' Experiences with  Manipulative Designs},

author = {Lorena Sánchez Chamorro and Carine Lallemand and Colin M Gray},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3643834.3660704

https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/2024_SanchezLallemandGray_DIS_TeenagersManipulativeDesigns.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3643834.3660704},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-07-01},

urldate = {2024-07-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems 

 Conference},

publisher = {ACM Press},

address = {Copenhagen, Denmark},

institution = {IT University of Copenhagen},

abstract = {Manipulative and deceptive design practices are ubiquitous, 

 impacting technology users in various ways across several 

 domains. Certain groups are likely more susceptible to these 

 impacts but have not received sufficient attention yet. In 

 this paper, we seek to characterize one such understudied 

 group, describing teenagers' experience of manipulative 

 design. We conducted semi-structured interviews with six 

 teenagers between 15 and 17 years old, to understand their 

 daily interactions with manipulative designs in three 

 contexts: social networks, video games, and e-commerce. Using 

 reflexive thematic analysis, our findings describe how risk is 

 a shared experience for teenagers, and interrogate how 

 teenagers' personal and social context shape their experience 

 of risk. We relate our findings to existing knowledge about 

 how the general population is impacted by manipulative design 

 practices and consider opportunities to further understand and 

 support the experiences of teenagers and other vulnerable 

 groups.},

keywords = {Dark Patterns, Ethics and Values},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Henriques2024-lk,

title = {Fostering Feminist Community-Led Ethics: Building Tools and  Connections},

author = {Ana O Henriques and Hugo Nicolau and Anna R L Carter and Kyle Montague and Reem Talhouk and Angelika Strohmayer and Sarah Rüller and Cayley MacArthur and Shaowen Bardzell and Colin M Gray and Eleonore Fournier-Tombs},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3656156.3658385

https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/2024_Henriquesetal_DIS_Workshop_FeministCommunityLedEthics.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3656156.3658385},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-07-01},

urldate = {2024-07-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference Companion Publication 

 on Designing Interactive Systems},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

abstract = {This workshop proposal advocates for a dynamic, community-led 

 approach to ethics in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) by inte- 

 grating principles from feminist HCI and digital civics. 

 Traditional ethics in HCI often overlook interpersonal 

 considerations, result- ing in static frameworks ill-equipped to 

 address dynamic social contexts and power dynamics. Drawing from 

 feminist perspectives, the workshop aims to lay the groundwork 

 for developing a meta-toolkit for community-led feminist ethics, 

 fostering collaborative research practices grounded in feminist 

 ethical principles. Through pre-workshop activities, interactive 

 sessions, and post- workshop discussions, participants will 

 engage in dialogue to advance community-led ethical research 

 practices. Additionally, the workshop seeks to strengthen the 

 interdisciplinary community of researchers and practitioners 

 interested in ethics, digital civics, and feminist HCI. By 

 fostering a reflexive approach to ethics, the workshop 

 contributes to the discourse on design's role in shaping future 

 interactions between individuals, communities, and technology.},

keywords = {Care Ethics, Critical Theory, Design Methods, Ethics and Values, Research Methods},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Chivukula2024-sj,

title = {Quant-Ethico: An Approach to Quantifying and Interpreting  Ethical Decision Making},

author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Colin M Gray},

editor = {Colin Gray},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.21606/drs.2024.223

https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2024_ChivukulaGray_DRS_QuantEthico.pdf},

doi = {10.21606/drs.2024.223},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-06-01},

urldate = {2024-06-01},

booktitle = {DRS2024: Boston},

publisher = {Design Research Society},

abstract = {Design researchers have previously sought to describe, model, 

 and represent the cognitive processes of designers. In parallel, 

 researchers in HCI and STS have identified a range of frameworks 

 to describe the ethical and value-related char-acter of design 

 activity. We have identified a productive gap between these two 

 sets of literature—namely, the role of analytic methods in 

 describing ethical de-cision-making as one aspect of design 

 complexity. In this paper, we describe and explore an approach 

 for quantifying the ethical character of design decision-making, 

 building upon existing critical approaches from HCI and STS 

 literature. Through a series of visualizations at varying 

 temporal scales and numbers of inter-locutors, we seek to 

 describe the ethical complexity of design activity, grounded in 

 a set of ethically focused lab protocol studies. We describe the 

 implications of our approach for mixed methods researchers, 

 including the role of quantitative methods in describing 

 temporal aspects of ethical design complexity.},

keywords = {Design Theory, Ethics and Values, Research Methods},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Chivukula2024-dd,

title = {Envisioning Transformation Structures to Support Ethical  Mediation Practices},

author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Colin M Gray},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.21606/drs.2024.178

https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2024_ChivukulaGray_DRS_TransformationStructures.pdf},

doi = {10.21606/drs.2024.178},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-06-01},

urldate = {2024-06-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the Design Research Society},

publisher = {Design Research Society},

abstract = {Ethics is complex and situated, involving many stakeholders that 

 impact the design of technology systems. Numerous methods and 

 tools have been proposed to enable practitioners to address 

 ethical issues in the workplace. However, little work has 

 described how designers themselves understand and seek to 

 respond to that ethical complexity. In this short paper, we 

 present five transformation structures that visually and 

 relationally depict how ethics might be addressed in a workplace 

 setting. We base these structures on analysis of plans that 39 

 practitioners and students created in a co-design workshop to 

 address an ethical concern in their job role. We evaluated the 

 diagrams of these workshop plans and identified five different 

 types of structures that could lead to potential transformation 

 of ethical practices: parallel, linear, top-down, loopy, and 

 gordian. We identify how these transformation structures 

 differently inscribe expectations of ethical mediation and 

 action, leading to opportunities for further support of ethical 

 practices by practitioners.},

keywords = {Design Methods, Ethics and Values, Practice-Led Research, UX Practice},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Gray2024-pt,

title = {Building an Ethics-Focused Action Plan: Roles, Process Moves,  and Trajectories},

author = {Colin M Gray and Ike Obi and Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Ziqing Li and Thomas Carlock and Matthew Will and Anne C Pivonka and Janna Johns and Brookley Rigsbee and Ambika R Menon and Aayushi Bharadwaj},

url = {https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/2024_Grayetal_CHI_EthicsFocusedActionPlan.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3613904.3642302},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-05-01},

urldate = {2024-05-01},

booktitle = {CHI'24: Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human 

 Factors in Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM Press},

abstract = {Design and technology practitioners are increasingly aware of 

 the ethical impact of their work practices, desiring tools to 

 support their ethical awareness across a range of contexts. In 

 this paper, we report on findings from a series of co-design 

 workshops with technology and design practitioners that 

 supported their creation of a bespoke ethics-focused action 

 plan. Using a qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis 

 approach, we identified a range of roles and process moves that 

 practitioners employed and illustrate the interplay of these 

 elements of practitioners' instrumental judgment through a 

 series of three cases, which includes evolution of the action 

 plan itself, the ethical dilemmas or areas of support the action 

 plan was intended to support, and how the action plan represents 

 resonance for the practitioner that created it. We conclude with 

 implications for supporting ethics in socio-technical practice 

 and opportunities for the further development of ethics-focused 

 methods that are resonant with the realities of practice.},

keywords = {Design Judgment, Design Knowledge, Design Methods, Design Theory, Ethics and Values, Practice-Led Research},

pubstate = {forthcoming},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Feast2024-dc,

title = {What is Responsible Design Education?},

author = {Luke Feast and Bo T Christensen and Peter Gall Krogh and Colin M Gray and Linda Nhu Laursen.},

url = {https://rsdsymposium.org/a-cog-in-the-works/},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

booktitle = {textitProceedings of Relating Systems Thinking and Design, 

 RSD13},

publisher = {Systemic Design Association},

abstract = {From being an ideal, it has become imperative to act responsibly 

 in all matters in society. While responsible design is described 

 as responding to the needs of and challenges faced by society, 

 the understanding of what a responsible design education entails 

 is still unclear. In this paper, we investigate the scope and 

 meaning of “responsible design” in design education through a 

 mixed-methods study incorporating a scoping review and a 

 participatory workshop. The scoping review analysed 62 studies on 

 responsible design education covering dimensions including 

 ontology, outcomes, audience, assessment, content, and pedagogy. 

 The participatory workshop involved 12 design academics sorting 

 and discussing key quotes extracted from the literature. The 

 findings suggest responsible design education should develop 

 students’ ethical awareness and an understanding of design’s 

 systemic impacts. However, there is tension between prioritizing 

 user needs versus broader systemic effects and between ethical 

 reflection and technical production. The content may include 

 ecological literacy, stakeholder values, ethical frameworks, and 

 professional ethics. Pedagogy emphasizes real-world projects, 

 stakeholder collaboration, workshop activities exploring ethical 

 dilemmas, and scenario-based activities. We suggest that future 

 research should investigate institutional factors shaping social 

 accountability and develop tailored assessment frameworks. 

 Overall, the paper advances the understanding of responsible 

 design education to equip future designers to address complex 

 socio-ecological design challenges.},

keywords = {Design Education, Design Theory, Ethics and Values, Transdisciplinary Education},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Gray2023-ek,

title = {Scaffolding Ethics-Focused Methods for Practice Resonance},

author = {Colin M Gray and Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Thomas Carlock and Ziqing Li and Ja-Nae Duane},

url = {https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2023_Grayetal_DIS_ScaffoldingEthicFocusedMethodsResonance.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3563657.3596111},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-07-01},

urldate = {2023-07-01},

booktitle = {DIS'23: Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive 

 Systems Conference},

abstract = {Numerous methods and tools have been proposed to motivate or 

 support ethical awareness in design practice. However, many 

 existing resources are not easily discoverable by practitioners. 

 One reason being that they are framed using language that is not 

 immediately accessible or resonant with the felt complexity of 

 everyday practice. In this paper, we propose a set of 

 empirically-supported ``intentions'' to frame practitioners' 

 selection of relevant ethics-focused methods based on interviews 

 with practitioners from a range of technology and design 

 professions, and then leverage these intentions in the design 

 and iterative evaluation of a website that allows practitioners 

 to identify supports for ethics-focused action in their work 

 context. Building on these findings, we propose a set of 

 heuristics to evaluate the practice resonance of resources to 

 support ethics-focused practice, laying the groundwork for 

 increased ecological resonance of ethics-focused methods and 

 method selection tools.},

note = {Awarded Best Paper, Top 1%},

keywords = {Design Methods, Ethics and Values, Practice-Led Research},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Chivukula2023-wj,

title = {Wrangling Ethical Design Complexity: Dilemmas, Tensions, and  Situations},

author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Ike Obi and Thomas Carlock and Colin M Gray},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3563703.3596632

https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/2023_Chivukulaetal_DISPWIP_WranglingEthicalDesignComplexity.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3563703.3596632},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-07-01},

urldate = {2023-07-01},

booktitle = {Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS Companion '23)},

keywords = {Design Knowledge, Ethics and Values, Practice-Led Research},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Gray2023-kq,

title = {Dark Patterns and the Emerging Threats of Deceptive Design Practices},

author = {Colin M Gray and Cristiana Santos and Nicole Tong and Thomas Mildner and Arianna Rossi and Johanna Gunawan and Caroline Sinders},

url = {https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2023_CHI_SIG_DarkPattersDeceptiveDesign.pdf

http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3583173},

doi = {10.1145/3544549.3583173},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-04-01},

urldate = {2023-04-01},

booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors 

 in Computing Systems (CHI EA '23)},

abstract = {Growth hacking, particularly within the spectre of surveillance 

 capitalism, has led to the widespread use of deceptive, 

 manipulative, and coercive design techniques in the last decade. 

 These challenges exist at the intersection of many diferent 

 technology professions that are rapidly evolving and 

 ``shapeshifting'' their design practices to confront emerging 

 regulation. A wide range of scholars have increasingly addressed 

 these challenges through the label ``dark patterns,'' describing 

 the content of deceptive and coercive design practices, the 

 ubiquity of these patterns in contemporary digital systems, and 

 the impact of emerging regulatory and legislative action on the 

 presence of dark patterns. Building on this convergent and 

 trans-disciplinary research area, the aims of this SIG are to: 

 1) Provide an opportunity for researchers and practitioners to 

 address methodologies for detecting, characterizing, and 

 regulating dark patterns; 2) Identify opportunities for 

 additional empirical work to characterize and demonstrate harms 

 related to dark patterns; and 3) Aid in convergence among HCI, 

 design, computational, regulatory, and legal perspectives on 

 dark patterns. These goals will enable an 

 internationally-diverse, engaged, and impactful research 

 community to address the threats of dark patterns on digital 

 systems.},

keywords = {Dark Patterns, Ethics and Values, Legal and Policy Perspectives, Transdisciplinarity},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Gray2023-wg,

title = {Emerging Transdisciplinary Perspectives to Confront Dark  Patterns},

author = {Colin M Gray and Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Kerstin Bongard-Blanchy and Arunesh Mathur and Johanna Gunawan and Brennan Schaffner},

url = {https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2023_CHI_Panel_TransdisciplinaryDarkPatterns.pdf

http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3583745},

doi = {10.1145/3544549.3583745},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-04-01},

urldate = {2023-04-01},

booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors 

 in Computing Systems (CHI EA '23)},

abstract = {Technology ethics is increasingly at the forefront of 

 human-computer interaction scholarship, with increasing 

 visibility not only to end users of technology, but also 

 regulators, technology practitioners, and platforms. The notion 

 of ``dark patterns'' has emerged as one common framing of 

 technology manipulation, describing instances where 

 psychological or perceptual tricks are used to decrease user 

 agency and autonomy. In this panel, we have assembled a group of 

 highly diverse early-career scholars that have built a 

 transdisciplinary approach to scholarship on dark patterns, 

 engaging with a range of socio-technical approaches and 

 perspectives. Panelists will discuss their methodological 

 approaches, key research questions to be considered in this 

 emerging area of scholarship, and necessary connections between 

 and among disciplinary perspectives to engage with the diverse 

 constituencies that frame the creation, use, and impacts of dark 

 patterns.},

keywords = {Dark Patterns, Ethics and Values, Legal and Policy Perspectives, Transdisciplinarity},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Gray2023-ds,

title = {Towards a Preliminary Ontology of Dark Patterns Knowledge},

author = {Colin M Gray and Cristiana Santos and Nataliia Bielova},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585676

https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023_GraySantosBielova_CHIBLW_OntologyDarkPatterns.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3544549.3585676},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors 

 in Computing Systems (CHI EA '23)},

abstract = {Deceptive design practices are increasingly used by companies to 

 extract profit, harvest data, and limit consumer choice. Dark 

 patterns represent the most common contemporary amalgamation of 

 these problematic practices, connecting designers, 

 technologists, scholars, regulators, and legal professionals in 

 transdisciplinary dialogue. However, a lack of universally 

 accepted definitions across the academic, legislative and 

 regulatory space has likely limited the impact that scholarship 

 on dark patterns might have in supporting sanctions and evolved 

 design practices. In this late breaking work, we seek to 

 harmonize regulatory and academic taxonomies of dark patterns, 

 proposing a preliminary three-level ontology to create a shared 

 language that supports translational research and regulatory 

 action. We identify potential directions for scholarship and 

 social impact building upon this ontology.},

keywords = {Dark Patterns, Ethics and Values, Regulation, Transdisciplinarity},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Gray2022-kn,

title = {Critical Pedagogy and the Pluriversal Design Studio},

author = {Colin M Gray},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.21606/drs.2022.238

https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2022_Gray_DRS_CriticalPedagogyPluriversalDesignStudio.pdf},

doi = {10.21606/drs.2022.238},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-06-01},

urldate = {2022-06-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the Design Research Society},

publisher = {Design Research Society},

abstract = {Studio learning is central to the teaching of design. However, 

 the disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic, alongside emerging and 

 historic critiques of studio pedagogy, creates a space for 

 critical engagement with the present and potential futures of 

 design education in studio. In this paper, I outline historic 

 critiques of studio pedagogy, drawing primarily from critical 

 pedagogy literature to frame issues relating to disempowerment, 

 student agency, and monolithic representations of the student 

 role and student development. I build upon this critical 

 foundation to re-imagine studio practices as pluriversal, 

 recognizing the challenges and opportunities of bridging 

 epistemological and ontological differences and facilitating the 

 potential for pluralism in design curricula, our student 

 experiences, and the future of design professions.},

keywords = {Critical Pedagogy, Design Education, Design Knowledge, Ethics and Values},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Light2022-cj,

title = {Designing Transformative Futures},

author = {Ann Light and Colin M Gray and Kristina Lindström and Laura Forlano and Dan Lockton and Chris Speed},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.21606/drs.2022.896

https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022_Lightetal_DRS_DesigningTransformativeFutures.pdf},

doi = {10.21606/drs.2022.896},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the Design Research Society Conference},

address = {Bilbao, Spain},

abstract = {What makes the design of futures sufficiently transformative? 

 Worldwide, people are aware of the need to change and keep 

 changing to address eco-social challenges and their fall-out in 

 an age of crises and transitions in climate, biodiversity, and 

 health. Calls for climate justice and the development of 

 eco-social sensibilities speak to the need for dynamic and 

 provisional engagements. Such concerns raise age-old issues of 

 inequality and colonialist destruction. Our designs carry the 

 imprint of this current politics, wittingly or unwittingly, into 

 worlds to come. This conversation asked how might we respond 

 fluidly to coming uncertainties, questioning our own practices 

 to sow the seeds of more radical transformation, while 

 recognizing the structural forces that can limit or temper 

 opportunities for design activism. It was organized in three 

 quadrant exercises, which we also reflect upon.},

keywords = {Critical Theory, Design Methods, Ethics and Values, Research Methods},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Gray2021b,

title = {Understanding “Dark” Design Roles in Computing Education},

author = {Colin M Gray and Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Kassandra Melkey and Rhea Manocha},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3446871.3469754},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-08-19},

urldate = {2021-08-19},

booktitle = {ICER'21: Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research},

abstract = {In conjunction with the increasing ubiquity of technology, 

 computing educators have identified the need for pedagogical 

 engagement with ethical awareness and moral reasoning. Typical 

 approaches to incorporating ethics in computing curricula have 

 focused primarily on abstract methods, principles, or paradigms 

 of ethical reasoning, with relatively little focus on examining 

 and developing students' pragmatic awareness of ethics as 

 grounded in their everyday work practices. In this paper, we 

 identify and describe computing students' negotiation of values 

 as they engage in authentic design problems through a lab 

 protocol study. We collected data from four groups of three 

 students each, with each group including participants from 

 either undergraduate User Experience Design students, Industrial 

 Engineering students, or a mix of both. We used a thematic 

 analysis approach to identify the roles that students took on to 

 address the design prompt. Through our analysis, we found that 

 the students took on a variety of ``dark'' roles that resulted 

 in manipulation of the user and prioritization of stakeholder 

 needs over user needs, with a focus either on building solutions 

 or building rationale for design decisions. We found these roles 

 to actively propagate through design discourses, impacting other 

 designers in ways that frequently reinforced unethical decision 

 making. Even when students were aware of ethical concerns based 

 on their educational training, this awareness did not 

 consistently result in ethically-sound decisions. These findings 

 indicate the need for additional ethical supports to inform 

 everyday computing practice, including means of actively 

 identifying and balancing negative societal impacts of design 

 decisions. The roles we have identified may productively support 

 the development of pragmatically-focused ethical training in 

 computing education, while adding more precision to future 

 analysis of computing student discourses and outputs.},

keywords = {Dark Patterns, Design Education, Ethics and Values},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Gray2021,

title = {Dark Patterns and the Legal Requirements of Consent Banners: An Interaction Criticism Perspective},

author = {Colin M Gray and Cristiana Santos and Nataliia Bielova and Michael Toth and Damian Clifford},

url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.10194},

doi = {10.1145/3411764.3445779},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-01},

urldate = {2021-05-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

abstract = {User engagement with data privacy and security through consent banners has become a ubiquitous part of interacting with internet services. While previous work has addressed consent banners from either interaction design, legal, and ethics-focused perspectives, little research addresses the connections among multiple disciplinary approaches, including tensions and opportunities that transcend disciplinary boundaries. In this paper, we draw together perspectives and commentary from HCI, design, privacy and data protection, and legal research communities, using the language and strategies of "dark patterns" to perform an interaction criticism reading of three different types of consent banners. Our analysis builds upon designer, interface, user, and social context lenses to raise tensions and synergies that arise together in complex, contingent, and conflicting ways in the act of designing consent banners. We conclude with opportunities for transdisciplinary dialogue across legal, ethical, computer science, and interactive systems scholarship to translate matters of ethical concern into public policy.},

keywords = {Consent Banners, Dark Patterns, Ethics and Values, Legal and Policy Perspectives, Regulation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Chivukula2021-oj,

title = {Identity Claims that Underlie Ethical Awareness and Action},

author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Aiza Hasib and Ziqing Li and Jingle Chen and Colin M Gray},

url = {https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2021_Chivukulaetal_CHI_IdentityClaimsEthicalAwarenessAction.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3411764.3445375},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-05-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in 

 Computing Systems},

series = {CHI'21},

abstract = {HCI and STS researchers have previously described the ethical 

 complexity of practice, drawing together aspects of 

 organizational complexity, design knowledge, and ethical 

 frameworks. Building on this work, we investigate the identity 

 claims and beliefs that impact practitioners' ability to 

 recognize and act upon ethical concerns in a range of 

 technology-focused disciplines. In this paper, we report results 

 from an interview study with 12 practitioners, identifying and 

 describing their identity claims related to ethical awareness 

 and action. We conducted a critically-focused thematic analysis 

 to identify eight distinct claims representing roles relating to 

 learning, educating, following policies, feeling a sense of 

 responsibility, being a member of a profession, a translator, an 

 activist, and deliberative. Based on our findings, we 

 demonstrate how the claims foreground building competence in 

 relation to ethical practice. We highlight the dynamic interplay 

 among these claims and point towards implications for identity 

 work in socio-technical contexts.},

keywords = {Critical Theory, Ethics and Values, Practice-Led Research},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Chivukula2020-ai,

title = {Co-Evolving Towards Evil Design Outcomes: Mapping Problem and  Solution Process Moves},

author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Colin M Gray},

url = {https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2020_ChivukulaGray_DRS_CoEvolutionTowardsEvilDesign.pdf

http://dx.doi.org/10.21606/drs.2020.107},

doi = {10.21606/drs.2020.107},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-08-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the Design Research Society},

publisher = {Design Research Society},

address = {Brisbane, Australia},

abstract = {Creative outcomes require designers to continuously frame the 

 problem space and generate solutions, resulting in the 

 co-evolution of problem and solution. Little work has addressed 

 the value dimensions of design activity with regard to this co- 

 evolutionary process and the role of the designer in acting upon 

 specific and value- laden framings and/or solutions. In this 

 paper, we identify how triads of student designers from user 

 experience (UX) and industrial engineering (IE) disciplines 

 frame the problem space and generate solutions, foregrounding 

 the ethical character of their judgments in response to an 

 ethically-nuanced design task. Using sequence analysis to 

 analyze the lab protocol data, we describe the frequency and 

 interconnectedness of process moves that lead the design team 

 towards unethical outcomes. Based on our findings, we call for 

 additional attention to ethical dimensions of problem-solution 

 co- evolution, and identify key interaction patterns among 

 designers that lead towards unethical outcomes.},

keywords = {Dark Patterns, Design Theory, Ethics and Values},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Watkins2020-zr,

title = {Tensions in Enacting a Design Philosophy in UX Practice},

author = {Chris Rhys Watkins and Colin M Gray and Austin L Toombs and Paul Parsons},

url = {https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2020_Watkinsetal_DIS_TensionsDesignPhilosophy.pdf

http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3357236.3395505},

doi = {10.1145/3357236.3395505},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-07-01},

booktitle = {DIS'20: Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems 

 Conference 2020},

publisher = {ACM Press},

address = {New York, NY},

series = {DIS'20},

abstract = {Design culture is increasingly present within organizations, 

 especially with the rise of UX as a profession. Yet there are 

 often disconnects between the development of a design philosophy 

 and its translation in practice. Students preparing for UX 

 careers are positioned in a liminal space between their 

 educational experience and future practice, and are actively 

 working to build a bridge between their developing philosophy of 

 design and the translation of that philosophy when faced with 

 the complexity of design practice. In this study, we interviewed 

 ten students and practitioners educated within design-oriented 

 HCI programs, focusing on their design philosophy and evaluating 

 how their philosophical beliefs were shaped in practice. 

 Building on prior work on flows of competence, we thematically 

 analyzed these interviews, identifying the philosophical beliefs 

 of these designers and their trajectories of development, 

 adoption, or suppression in industry. We identify opportunities 

 for enhancements to UX educational practices and future research 

 on design complexity in industry contexts.},

keywords = {Design Education, Ethics and Values, Practice-Led Research, UX Knowledge, UX Practice},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Chivukula2020-bv,

title = {Dimensions of UX Practice that Shape Ethical Awareness},

author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Chris Watkins and Rhea Manocha and Jingle Chen and Colin M Gray},

url = {https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2020_Chivukulaetal_CHI_DimensionsThatShapeEthicalAwareness.pdf

http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376459},

doi = {10.1145/3313831.3376459},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-04-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in 

 Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM Press},

address = {New York, NY},

series = {CHI'20},

abstract = {HCI researchers are increasingly interested in describing the 

 complexity of design practice, including ethical, 

 organizational, and societal concerns. Recent studies have 

 identified individual practitioners as key actors in driving the 

 design process and culture within their respective 

 organizations, and we build upon these efforts to reveal 

 practitioner concerns regarding ethics on their own terms. In 

 this paper, we report on the results of an interview study with 

 eleven UX practitioners, capturing their experiences that 

 highlight dimensions of design practice that impact ethical 

 awareness and action. Using a bottom-up thematic analysis, we 

 identified five dimensions of design complexity that influence 

 ethical outcomes and span individual, collaborative, and 

 methodological framing of UX activity. Based on these findings, 

 we propose a set of implications for the creation of 

 ethically-centered design methods that resonate with this 

 complexity and inform the education of future UX practitioners.},

keywords = {Dark Patterns, Ethics and Values, Practice-Led Research, UX Practice},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Chivukula2020-dv,

title = {Bardzell's "Feminist HCI" Legacy: Analyzing Citational  Patterns},

author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Colin M Gray},

url = {https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2020_ChivukulaGray_CHILBW_FeministHCI.pdf

http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3382936},

doi = {10.1145/3334480.3382936},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-04-01},

booktitle = {CHI '20: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing 

 Systems Extended Abstracts Proceedings},

abstract = {In this late-breaking work, we describe the legacy of feminist 

 theory within HCI literature, focusing on Shaowen Bardzell's 

 seminal publication "Feminist HCI: Taking Stock and Outlining 

 an Agenda for Design," which was one of the first to propose 

 adoption of feminist theories into HCI research and practice. 

 We conducted a citation analysis of 70 published texts that cited 

 this paper, using the Harwood functions to identify how feminist 

 theory concepts have been cited in HCI and whether the 

 implementation of pro-posed frameworks has taken place. This 

 paper was mostly given 'credit,' and most frequently 

 'signposted' to keep readers on track of the topical issues in 

 HCI, with little evidence of explicit use or extension of 

 proposed frameworks. These results demonstrate a largely 

 one-dimensional impact, characterized by a lack of deep 

 engagement in feminist theories. We identify opportunities to 

 expand feminist approach to further improve research and 

 practice in HCI.},

keywords = {Critical Theory, Ethics and Values},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Toombs2020-rt,

title = {Autono-preneurial Agents in the Community: Developing a Socially Aware API for Autonomous Entrepreneurial Lawn Mowers},

author = {Austin L Toombs and Derek Whitley and Colin M Gray},

url = {https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2020_ToombsWhitleyGray_GROUP_AutonopreneurialAgents.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3323994.3369900},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

booktitle = {GROUP '20: Companion of the 2020 ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work},

pages = {69-82},

publisher = {ACM Press},

address = {Sanibel Island, FL, USA},

series = {GROUP'20},

abstract = {In this paper, we describe our efforts to appropriate an 

 autono-preneurial agent—in this case, the Amazon 

 Locust—through the development of an API that enables 

 equitable and socially aware entrepreneurial decision 

 making on the part of the Locust. We present a new API and 

 our intended vision for this system, along with our 

 proposed deployment plan for implementing appropriated 

 Locusts in Midwestern USA suburban communities. These 

 appropriated Locusts will allow community provisioning 

 decision-making that moves beyond consideration of 

 profitability to also include decisions based on equity, 

 equality, community, and interpersonal relationships. We 

 discuss the broader implications of this work and point 

 toward future areas of inquiry.},

keywords = {Care Ethics, Design Fiction, Ethics and Values},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Gray2020-zq,

title = {What Kind of Work Do "Asshole Designers" Create? Describing  Properties of Ethical Concern on Reddit},

author = {Colin M Gray and Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Ahreum Lee},

url = {https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2020_GrayChivukulaLee_DIS_AssholeDesign.pdf

http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3357236.3395486},

doi = {10.1145/3357236.3395486},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

booktitle = {DIS'20: Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems 

 Conference 2020},

address = {New York, NY},

organization = {ACM Press},

series = {DIS'20},

abstract = {Design practitioners are increasingly engaged in describing 

 ethical complexity in their everyday work, exemplified by 

 concepts such as "dark patterns" and "dark UX." In parallel, 

 researchers have shown how interactions and discourses in online 

 communities allow access to the various dimensions of design 

 complexity in practice. In this paper, we conducted a content 

 analysis of the subreddit "/r/assholedesign," identifying how 

 users on Reddit engage in conversation about ethical concerns. 

 We identify what types of artifacts are shared, and the salient 

 ethical concerns that community members link with "asshole" 

 behaviors. Based on our analysis, we propose properties that 

 describe "asshole designers," both distinct and in relation to 

 dark patterns, and point towards an anthropomorphization of 

 ethics that foregrounds the inscription of designer's values 

 into designed outcomes. We conclude with opportunities for 

 further engagement with ethical complexity in online and offline 

 contexts, stimulating ethics-focused conversations among social 

 media users and design practitioners.},

note = {Awarded Honorable Mention, top 5%},

keywords = {Asshole Design, Dark Patterns, Ethics and Values, Reddit, Social Media},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Chivukula2019-xb,

title = {Analyzing Value Discovery in Design Decisions Through Ethicography},

author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Colin M Gray and Jason A Brier},

url = {https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2019_ChivukulaGrayBrier_CHI_ValueDiscoveryEthicography.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/3290605.3300307},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-05-01},

urldate = {2019-05-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in 

 Computing Systems},

publisher = {ACM},

address = {New York, NY, USA},

series = {CHI '19},

abstract = {HCI scholarship is increasingly concerned with the ethical 

 impact of socio-technical systems. Current theoretically-driven 

 approaches that engage with ethics generally prescribe only 

 abstract approaches by which designers might consider values in 

 the design process. However, there is little guidance on methods 

 that promote value discovery, which might lead to more specific 

 examples of relevant values in specific design contexts. In this 

 paper, we elaborate a method for value discovery, identifying 

 how values impact the designer's decision making. We demonstrate 

 the use of this method, called Ethicography, in describing value 

 discovery and use throughout the design process. We present 

 analysis of design activity by user experience (UX) design 

 students in two lab protocol conditions, describing specific 

 human values that designers considered for each task, and 

 visualizing the interplay of these values. We identify 

 opportunities for further research, using the Ethicograph method 

 to illustrate value discovery and translation into design 

 solutions.},

note = {Awarded Best of CHI Honorable Mention, top 5%},

keywords = {Dark Patterns, Ethics and Values},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Gray2019-ep,

title = {Ethical Mediation in UX Practice},

author = {Colin M Gray and Shruthi Sai Chivukula},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300408},

doi = {10.1145/3290605.3300408},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in 

 Computing Systems - CHI '19},

publisher = {ACM Press},

abstract = {HCI scholars have become increasingly interested in describing 

 the complex nature of UX practice. In parallel, HCI and STS 

 scholars have sought to describe the ethical and value- laden 

 relationship between designers and design outcomes. However, 

 little research describes the ethical engagement of UX 

 practitioners as a form of design complexity, including the 

 multiple mediating factors that impact ethical awareness and 

 decision-making. In this paper, we use a practice-led approach 

 to describe ethical complexity, presenting three varied cases of 

 UX practitioners based on in situ observations and interviews. 

 In each case, we describe salient factors relating to ethical 

 mediation, including organizational practices, self-driven 

 ethical principles, and unique characteristics of specific 

 projects the practitioner is engaged in. Using the concept of 

 mediation from activity theory, we provide a rich account of 

 practitioners' ethical decision making. We pro- pose future work 

 on ethical awareness and design education based on the concept 

 of ethical mediation.},

keywords = {Dark Patterns, Ethics and Values, Practice-Led Research},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Watkins2019-yb,

title = {"Nothing Comes Before Profit": Asshole Design in the Wild},

author = {Chris Watkins and Shruthi S Chivukula and Lucca McKay and Colin M Gray},

url = {https://colingray.me/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/2019_ChivukulaWatkinsMcKayGray_CHI_LBW_AssholeDesignintheWild.pdf

http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3312863},

doi = {10.1145/3290607.3312863},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

booktitle = {CHI EA '19: CHI'19 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

pages = {LBW1314},

keywords = {Asshole Design, Design Knowledge, Ethics and Values, Practice-Led Research, Reddit, Social Media, UX Knowledge},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Gray2019-ez,

title = {Engaging Design Students in Value Discovery as "Everyday  Ethicists"},

author = {Colin M Gray and Shruthi Sai Chivukula},

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11688977},

doi = {10.3998/mpub.11688977},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

booktitle = {Dialogue: Proceedings of the AIGA Design Educators Community Conferences},

volume = {(Decipher, Vol. 1)},

pages = {187--189},

publisher = {AIGA Design Educators Community},

abstract = {In creating the not-yet-existing, the designer takes on a 

 substantial weight of responsibility not only for the present 

 use of a designed artifact or experience but also the 

 potential futures that these artifacts or experiences may 

 potentially embody. In this way, design activity can be viewed 

 as always already being linked to social change, mediated 

 through the character of the designer. In this conversation, 

 we seek to explore how design activity—in particular, the 

 education of designers—might celebrate this ethical 

 responsibility as a form of activism that inherently 

 celebrates and embodies a certain set of social values while 

 simultaneously excluding other possible social values. We 

 advocate for a repositioning of the role of values and ethics 

 in relation to design activity, seeing ethical concerns not as 

 a constraint or barrier to action but rather as a generative 

 driver of design concepts through the process of value 

 discovery.},

keywords = {Dark Patterns, Design Education, Ethics and Values, Studio Pedagogy, Transdisciplinary Education},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Chivukula2018-hz,

title = {Dark Intentions or Persuasion?: UX Designers' Activation of Stakeholder and User Values},

author = {Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Jason A Brier and Colin M Gray},

url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3197391.3205417},

doi = {10.1145/3197391.3205417},

isbn = {9781450356312},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-05-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference Companion Publication on Designing Interactive Systems},

pages = {87--91},

publisher = {ACM},

address = {Hong Kong, China},

series = {DIS '18 Companion},

abstract = {Formalized frameworks that reference ethics and values 

 have received increasing attention in the HCI community. 

 These methods emphasize the importance of values in 

 relation to design but provide little guidance to reveal 

 the values that are present or have impact on designers' 

 decision making. In this work-inprogress, we identify the 

 values considered by student UX designers when conducting 

 an authentic design task, allowing for interrogation of 

 the possible intentions that underlie their decision 

 making. Our exploratory analysis revealed that 

 participants had sensitivity towards user values, but 

 often contradicted these values through dark, often tacit, 

 intentions to persuade users, thereby achieving 

 stakeholder goals. We provide provocations for future 

 research on the role of ethics and values in practice and 

 design education.},

keywords = {Dark Patterns, Ethics and Values},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Fansher2018-au,

title = {#darkpatterns: UX Practitioner Conversations About Ethical Design},

author = {Madison Fansher and Shruthi Sai Chivukula and Colin M Gray},

url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3170427.3188553},

doi = {10.1145/3170427.3188553},

isbn = {9781450356213},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-04-01},

booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},

pages = {LBW082},

publisher = {ACM},

address = {Montreal QC, Canada},

abstract = {There is increasing interest in the role that ethics plays 

 in UX practice, however current guidance is largely driven 

 by formalized frameworks and does not adequately describe 

 ``on the ground'' practitioner conversations regarding 

 ethics. In this late-breaking work, we identified and 

 described conversations about a specific ethical 

 phenomenon on Twitter using the hashtag #darkpatterns. We 

 then determined the authors of these tweets and analyzed 

 the types of artifacts or links they shared. We found that 

 UX practitioners were most likely to share tweets with 

 this hashtag, and that a majority of tweets either 

 mentioned an artifact or ``shames'' an organization that 

 engages in manipulative UX practices. We identify 

 implications for building an enhanced understanding of 

 pragmatist ethics from a practitioner perspective.},

keywords = {Dark Patterns, Ethics and Values, Practice-Led Research, UX Knowledge},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Gray2018-bx,

title = {Editorial: Ethics, Values, and Designer Responsibility},

author = {Colin M Gray and Austin L Toombs and Ann Light and John Vines},

url = {https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10064084},

doi = {10.21606/dma.2018.003},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

booktitle = {Proceedings of the Design Research Society},

volume = {1},

publisher = {Design Research Society},

address = {Shannon, Ireland},

keywords = {Ethics and Values},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}